immunology step by step
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Anyone who has had the good fortune to hear an orchestra brilliantly perform a symphony composed by one of the great masters knows that each of the carefully tuned musical instruments contributes to the collective, harmonious sound
produced by the musicians. In many ways, the normally tuned immune system continuously plays an orchestrated
symphony to maintain homeostasis.
The immune system is a “team effort,” involving many different players. These players can be divided roughly into two groups: those that are members of the innate immune system team and those that are part of the adaptive immune system. Importantly, these two groups work together to provide a powerful defense against invaders.
Immunology is a difficult subject for several reasons. First, there are lots of details, and sometimes these details get in
the way of understanding the concepts. To get around this problem, we’re going to concentrate on the big picture. It
will be easy for you to find the details somewhere else. Another difficulty in learning immunology is that there
is an exception to every rule. Immunologists love these exceptions, because they give clues as to how the immune
system functions. But for now, we’re just going to learn the rules. Oh sure, we’ll come upon exceptions from time
to time, but we won’t dwell on them. Our goal is to exam-ine the immune system, stripped to its essence.
A third difficulty in studying immunology is that our knowledge of the immune system is still evolving. As
you’ll see, there are many unanswered questions, and some of the things that seem true today will be proven
false tomorrow.
The term “immunology” is derived from Latin word “immunis” means exempt, i.e., protection from infectious diseases. Extensive work on bacteriology and pathology made their respective workers to find methods to develop resistance against infectious diseases in the latter half of 19th and beginning of 20th century. Although the history of immunology is about 100 years old, cellular immunology dates back to the 1950s
why is immunology so important? The immune system has involvement in almost all fields related to health and disease. Infections continue to confront human health and well-being on a global scale. Inflammation contributes to the
lung, heart and joint diseases, and diabetes mellitus; cancers have to evade immune surveillance, and immune dysregulation leads to allergies that are increasingly prevalent across the world. Only improved understanding of the
mechanisms by which microbes, allergens, and tumor cells cause disease will result in the development of diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative strategies to combat this threat.However, we are only beginning the voyage of immunology, and there is much we still need to research and understand. The study of basic immunology may provide students with an opportunity to relate the findings of fundamental sciscientific investigations to clinical problems
history
Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (2000 B. C.) records the presence of pestilence and diseases. The study of Immunology stemmed out from the Thucydides’ description of individuals who recovered from the plague in Athens. Those individuals, who had already contracted the disease, recovered and became “immune.” Variolation was practiced for many years in China. The process involved exposing healthy people to the material derived from the lesions caused by the disease by either putting it under the skin or, more often, inserting powdered scabs from smallpox pustules into the nose. However, that occasionally resulted in death because there was no standardization of the inoculum. Variolation, later, became popular
in England, mainly due to the efforts of Lady Mary Wortley Montague and the American colonies. In 1796, Jenner inoculated James Phipps with the material obtained from a cowpox lesion, which appeared on the hand of a
dairymaid, and he inoculated the experimental subject with smallpox about six weeks later, without producing disease [1]. In 1875, Robert Koch was able to show the presence of anthrax causing bacteria in the lymph nodes of a dead rabbit that was earlier inoculated with the blood of a diseased animal [2]. In a serendipitous discovery, Pasteur was able to attenuate the virulent chicken cholera bacillus and coined the term vaccination. Later, he developed first viable vaccine for anthrax and rabies while Robert Koch studied hypersensitivity in tuberculosis. Although many consider Louis Pasteur the “father of
immunology,” it is due to his and Koch’s efforts that firmly established the historical germ theory of disease. Then, various scientists contributed to the development of the concept of cellular and humoral immunity. While working on the development of digestive organ in starfish larvae, Metchnikoff became a leading proponent of the “Cellularists.” He believed that phagocytes, not antibodies, played the leading role in immunity. Emil von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the transfer of immunity against Diphtheria by a soluble “anti-toxin” in the blood whereby, Paul Ehrlich predicted the existence of immune bodies (antibodies) and side-chains from which they arise (receptors). Ehrlich suggested that antigens interact with receptors borne by cells, resulting in the secretion of excess receptors (antibodies).the supporters of alternative theory, i.e., “Humoralists,” believed that a soluble substance in the body was responsible for mediating immunity
OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
immunological mechanisms
THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
organ of immune system
cells of immune system
Antigen
Macrophage
what is immune response ?
immunoglobulin
immunotolerance
histocompatibility
immunotherapy
cytokines
complement system
Regulation of immune response
immunity to infection
transplantation immunology
autoimmune diseases
hypersensitivity
immunization
tumor immunology
immunodiagnostics
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1immunology step by stepVideo lesson
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2IntroductionVideo lesson
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3How to study immunology ?why it is difficult?Video lesson
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4overview of the immune systemVideo lesson
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5fundamental prosperities of the immune systemVideo lesson
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6cells of the immune systemVideo lesson
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7B maturation in bone marrowVideo lesson
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8immunology physical barriersVideo lesson
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9immunology history lecture1Video lesson
history of immunology immunity means a state of resistance or in susceptibility to disease actually the term immune is drive it from the Latin word immunitas that means exception from military service or paying texts to this date the meaning of the term however has been modified and is applied now to define Estate or resistance to possible Attack by infatuation the branch of biology dealing with this phenomenon is called immunology
although immunology is new science it has old roots which involves the observations and disease prevention trial made by people and the scientists in their ancient times more than 5000 years ago Egyptian recognized and the bowl of immunity to diseases some leaders sniff dry crusts of small box lesions to protect themselves from illness
About 1500 years later a similar sniffing practice most common in China
long time ago in China individual who survived snakebites could resist the same or similar snakes
this observation has been adapted for Protection of people against snake bite sneak venom mixing with oily base who's applied on the skin and found to confer some resistance against intoxication by snake venom
in China and Greece it has long been recognized individuals who recovered from epidemic diseases make disease such as a small box where resistant to further attack
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10immunology history lecture 2Video lesson
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11immunology history lecture3Video lesson
